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Battle of Marj Rahit (684)
The Battle of Marj Rahit ((アラビア語:معركة مرج راهط), ''Yawm Mardj Rāhiṭ'') was one of the early battles of the Second Islamic Civil War. It was fought on 18 August 684 between the armies of the Yemen, supporting the Umayyads under Caliph Marwan I, and the Banu Qays under al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, who supported Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, who had proclaimed himself Caliph at Mecca. The Kalbi victory consolidated the position of the Umayyads, under Marwan I, over Syria, paving the way for their eventual victory in the civil war against Ibn al-Zubayr. However, it also left a bitter legacy of division and rivalry between the Qaysis and the Kalbis, which would contribute to much strife and instability for the remainder of the Umayyad Caliphate.
== Background ==
At the death of Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), the founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, in 680, the Muslim world was thrown into turmoil. Although Mu'awiya had named his son, Yazid I, as his heir, this choice was not universally recognized, especially by the old Medinan elites, who challenged the Umayyads' claim to the succession. Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were the Alid Husayn ibn Ali, and Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr.〔Hawting (2000), p. 46〕 Husayn at first attempted an outright revolt against the Umayyads, but this resulted in his death at the Battle of Karbala in October 680,〔Hawting (2000), pp. 49–51〕〔Kennedy (2004), p. 89〕 leaving Ibn al-Zubayr as the leading contender. As long as Yazid lived, Ibn al-Zubayr denounced his rule from the sanctuary of Mecca but did not openly claim the Caliphate, instead insisting that the Caliph should be chosen in the traditional manner, by a tribal assembly (''shura'') from among all the Quraysh. After the open revolt of Medina against Umayyad rule, in 683 Yazid sent an army to Arabia that defeated the Medinans and even laid siege to Mecca, but Yazid's death in November forced the expeditionary force to return home.〔Hawting (2000), pp. 47–48〕〔Kennedy (2004), pp. 89–90〕
Yazid was succeeded by his son, Mu'awiya II, but he died a few weeks later and never enjoyed any real authority outside the family's traditional stronghold of Syria. His death provoked a crisis, since his other brothers were too young to succeed.〔Hawting (2000), p. 47〕〔Kennedy (2004), p. 90〕 As a result, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and Ibn al-Zubayr was accepted by most of the Muslims as their new leader: the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, was evicted from the province, coins in Ibn al-Zubayr's name were minted in Persia, and the Banu Qays of northern Syria and the Jazira went over to his cause. Even some members of the Umayyad family considered going to Mecca and declaring their allegiance to him.〔Hawting (2000), p. 48〕〔Kennedy (2004), pp. 90–91〕 In central and southern Syria, however, the Umayyad cause was upheld by the local tribes, led by the Banu Kalb under Ibn Bahdal and Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. At their initiative, a ''shura'' of the loyal tribes was held at Jabiya, where Marwan ibn al-Hakam, a cousin of Mu'awiya I who had served under the Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656) but played no role in Mu'awiya's Umayyad regime, was elected as the Umayyads' caliphal candidate.〔Hawting (2000), pp. 53–54〕〔Kennedy (2004), p. 91〕
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